
There are 8 lessons in this course:
Peak fertility in horses occurs at approximately 6 – 7 years of age. Fertility begins to decline around 15 years of age, when often mare’s become more difficult to get into foal and experience more instances of pregnancy losses.
A young, healthy mare has an approximately 50-60% chance of getting pregnant during a given oestrus cycle, when mated with a fertile stallion. You can see that even if the mare is young and healthy and without any anatomical or pathological problems, the chance of a positive mating that ends in a live birth, is still relatively low.
There are many reasons why a mare may not conceive, and cause her to be classed as sub-fertile or infertile. Many of these problems are treatable once they have been successfully diagnosed.
As mentioned in previous lessons, a thorough breeding soundness examination is recommended to ensure that any possible fertility problems are identified and treated before excessive amounts of time and finance are used up trying to get her to conceive. It is vitally important that a mare which has undesirable or poor general conformation of the body, legs, feet or mouth should be seriously considered for breeding at all.
Structural Disorders of the Reproductive Tract
A misshaped vulva is one of the most common problems that can lead to difficulty in the mare conceiving. A misshaped vulva will not seal the reproductive tract properly, which exposes the uterus to contamination from the external environment. Defective vulvar conformation can be congenital (in rare cases) but is more likely to be acquired by the vulva stretching after repeated foalings, as a result of a mating injury or be due to the mare being in very poor overall body condition.
Pneumovagina
Poor vulvar conformation can result in a condition called pneumovagina, in which air is pulled into the vagina, along with bacterial contaminants. Poor vulvar conformation can also result in faecal bacteria getting into the vaginal area and causing a problem. Bacterial infections can then set in and can render the mare practically infertile. The most common treatment is to give the mare antibiotics to treat the infection and to prevent further reinfection by means of corrective surgery- a procedure known as a Caslick’s. In a Caslick’s procedure, the level of the mare’s pelvic floor is ascertained by inserting a hand into the reproductive tract. The external vulvar lips are then anaesthetized and stitched from just under the anus down to the pelvic floor level, leaving only a small opening that urine can escape from. This effectively seals the vagina and prevents it from becoming contaminated. Depending on the size of the stallion, the stitches may need to be removed when the mare is subsequently mated and will definitely need to be removed when foaling is imminent.
'Maiden Cervix' or Cervical Incompetence
A maiden mare (one that has not been bred before) may suffer from cervical incompetence or ‘maiden cervix’. After mating, the cervix is so tightly closed that any excess seminal fluid cannot drain away properly. The retained fluid causes an inflammatory reaction and if untreated, creates an overly acidic environment which soon evolves into a full blown infection. Mares with the condition are commonly treated with antibiotics when they are mated and a uterine lavage (internal cleanse) is also administered post mating to try to prevent the infection setting in. The vet may also administer Oxytocin, a hormone which promotes uterine contractions, which helps the mare's body clear the problematic foreign material.
Vesicovaginal Reflux or Urine Pooling
A poorly conformed reproductive tract or structural changes to the tract caused by loss of muscle tone after multiple foaling’s can result in retention of urine in the vagina. This condition can result in reduced conception rates due to an overly acidic environment, formation of scar tissue in the vagina and/or inflammation. Treatment of this condition will depend very much on the underlying cause. If the problem is mild and caught early enough the urine can be removed and the mare’s body condition improved, which will in turn help to increase muscle tone and prevent the condition occurring in the future. In other cases, uterine lavage may be necessary and the use of drugs to improve the muscle tone may also be required.
Bacterial Endometritis
Infectious endometritis can occur when the external physical barriers to the uterus are compromised, which may break down over time as part of the natural ageing process or as a result of repeated infections. The most common bacteria that cause a problem are Strep. equi zooepidemicus (the most common), E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumonia. Infection causes scarring of the uterine lining and adhesions to form, which prevents conception and will cause eventual infertility. This condition is treated with appropriate antibiotics both before and after mating. One of the drawbacks of regular antibiotic use is the fact that the antibiotic will kill both good and bad bacteria, leaving the mare without any natural protection against further bacterial or fungal infection.
Fungal Endometritis
The most common fungi that cause fungal endometritis include the Candida (yeast) family and the Aspergillus (mould) family. Both of these fungi proliferate when the mare’s immune system has been weakened after prolonged antibiotic use. Fungal endometritis can be passed between stallions and mares, and unfortunately there is no specific cure. Management of fungal endometritis relies primarily on reducing the numbers of fungi via uterine lavage with appropriate anti-fungal agents.
Mating Induced Endometritis
Some mares may suffer inflammation and subsequent bacterial/fungal infection as a direct result of mating. There are management issues that can help prevent breeding induced endometritis; mares that are bred on their foal heat are more likely to develop subsequent infection, perhaps due to the stress and strain of the recent foaling. Multiple attempts at breeding in a single oestrus period are also known to increase the chances of endometritis. This condition is treated in a similar way to ‘Maiden Cervix’, as fluid retention is generally thought to be the main cause of the problem.
Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM)
This type of sexually transmitted metritis is caused by the organism Taylorella equigenitalis, which can survive on the stallions external genitalia and in the vagina and clitoris of the mare for extended periods of time. Transmission is via direct sexual contact or via infected semen that is used for AI. Infected stallions often do not present any clinical signs of infection. Mares are likely to suffer from a thick vaginal discharge and inflammation of the reproductive tract approximately a week after infection. Their oestrus cycles may also be adversely affected. In many countries CEM is a notifiable disease and the appropriate authorities must be informed of any suspected or confirmed outbreaks. Infection is confirmed by swabbing the mare and then appropriate treatment can be given. Infected mares should not be used for breeding until the infection has been treated and successfully cleared up.
Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA)
EVA is an acute, contagious viral disease caused by the Equine Arteritis virus. Infection with the virus is not life threatening but it can cause spontaneous abortions in pregnant mares and sometimes death of new born foals. Other clinical signs include depression, lethargy, fever, oedema of the limbs and genitals, conjunctivitis and a nasal discharge. The virus is transmitted via the respiratory route as well as through sexual contact with infected mares/stallions. Stallions can carry the virus and appear to be free of clinical signs, but still pass the virus on when covering or teasing mares. These stallions are known as ‘shedder’ stallions. Diagnosis of infection is via a positive blood test. Stallions and mares should be routinely tested for infection and not used for breeding if positive blood test results are obtained. Similarly to CEM, in many countries EVA is a notifiable disease and the appropriate authorities must be informed of any suspected or confirmed outbreaks. Vaccination against infection is available in some countries and is carried out as part of the normal breeding routine.
Pyometra
Pyometra is characterized by an accumulation of fluid (pus) in the uterus. This fluid may also cause a persistent or intermittent discharge from the vagina. The fluid buildup can be caused by a number of different pathological organisms. Mares with pyometra do not often exhibit any other symptoms and may carry on having what appear to be normal oestrus cycles, but they will not conceive. Pyometra is often caused by an abnormality of the cervix or a breakdown of the natural uterine clearance mechanisms. Treatment of this condition is by uterine lavage and administration of drugs that cause the uterus to empty itself. In severe and prolonged cases removal of the uterus may be necessary, rendering the mare infertile.You can enrol at anytime and start the course when you are ready. Enrolments are accepted all year - students can commence study at any time. All study is self paced and ACS does not set assignment deadlines.
Please note that if a student is being assisted by someone else (e.g. an employer or government subsidy), the body offering the assistance may set deadlines. Students in such situations are advised to check with their sponsor prior to enrolling. The nominal duration of a course is approximately how long a course takes to complete. A course with a nominal duration of 100 hours is expected to take roughly 100 hours of study time to complete. However, this will vary from student to student. Short courses (eg. 100 hrs duration) should be completed within 12 months of enrolment. Certificates, Advanced Certificates and Awards (eg. over 500 hours duration) would normally be completed within 3 -5 years of enrolment. Additional fees may apply if a student requires an extended period to complete.
If a student cannot submit their assignments for 6 months to ACS, they should advise the school to avoid cancellation of their student
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Our courses are written in English and we only have English speaking academic staff. If you can read and complete your assignments in English, our courses are ideal for you.
Our courses are designed to build knowledge, hands on skills and industry connections to help prepare you to work in the area, running your own business, professional development or as a base for further study.
This course has been designed to cover the fundamentals of the topic. It will take around 100 hours to complete, which includes your course reading, assignment work, research, practical tasks, watching videos and anything else that is contained in the course. Our short courses are a great way to do some professional development or to learn a new skill.
It’s up to you. The study hours listed in the course are a rough guide, however if you were to study a short course (100 hours) at 10 hours per week, you could finish the course in 10 weeks (just an example). Our courses are self-paced, so you can work through the courses in your own time. We recommend that you wait for your tutor to mark and return your assignment before your start your next one, so you get the benefits of their feedback.
The course consists of course notes, videos, set tasks for your practical work, online quizzes, an assignment for each lesson (that you receive feedback from your tutor from) and ends in an exam (which is optional, if would like to receive the formal award at the end), using our custom built Learning Management System - Login.Training.
Our courses are designed for adults to gain professional development and skills to further their careers and start businesses.
Our custom online learning portal allows you to conduct your learning online. There may be practical tasks that you can do offline. You have the option of downloading your course notes or print them to read later.
There is also the option to pay an additional fee for printed course notes and or USB (availability limited to location and deliverability).
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We offer printed notes for an additional fee. Also, you can request your course notes on a USB stick for an additional fee.
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We are more learning focussed, rather than assessment focussed. You have online quizzes to test your learning, written assignments and can complete an exam at the end of the course (if you want to receive your certificate). You will not receive a pass/ fail on your course work. If you need to add more details on your assignment, we will ask you to resubmit and direct you where you need to focus. If you need help, you can ask your tutor for advice in the student room.
Each module (short course) is completed with one exam.
Exams are optional, however you must sit an exam if you would like to receive a formal award. You will need to find someone who can supervise that you are sitting the exams under exams conditions. There is an additional cost of $60 incl. GST for each exam.
More information is here
There are practical components built into the course that have been designed to be achieved by anyone, anywhere. If you are unable to complete a task for any reason, you can ask your tutor for an alternative.
When you complete the course work and the exam and you will be able receive your course certificate- a Statement of Attainment. Otherwise, you can receive a Letter of Completion.
You can bundle the short courses to create your own customised learning bundle, Certificates or Advanced Certificates. More information is on this page.
Yes, our courses are built to be applicable for people living anywhere in any situation. We provide the fundamentals, and each student can apply their own unique flair for their own interests, region and circumstances with the one-on-one guidance of a tutor. There is also a bit of student directed research involved.
Employers value candidates with industry skills, knowledge, practical skills and formal learning. Our courses arm you with all of these things to help prepare you for a job or start your own business. The longer you study the more you will learn.
ACS has an arrangement with OAMPS (formerly AMP) who can arrange Professional Indemnity from Australian and New Zealand graduates across all disciplines. Ph: 1800 222 012 or email acs@oamps.com.au.
ACS Distance Education have been educating people for over 40 years.
We are established and safe- we have been in education for over 40 years.
We are focused on developing innovative courses that are relevant to you now and what you will need to know in the future.
We are focused on helping you learn and make the most of your experience.
You can enrol at any time, you can work on your course when it suits you and at your own pace.
We are connected to many industry bodies and our staff participate in continuous improvement and learning activities to ensure that we are ahead of what learning is needed for the future.
Our courses are not accredited by the Australian Government. However many of our courses are recognised and held in high regard by many industry bodies.
Our courses are written by our staff, who all have many years experience and have qualifications in their speciality area. We have lots of academic staff who write and update our courses regularly.
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Yes, we have many students who are in locked facilities, such as prisons or hospitals. We can cater by also offering paper notes at an additional cost.
We can assist you to find the right course for your needs. Get in touch with us via email (admin@acs.edu.au) call on +61 7 5562 1088 or complete our course advice form.
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If students require a reproduction of their certificate, an electronic copy can be provided at a cost of AUD$35 incl GST. Printed copies are not available.
The following academics were involved in the development and/or updating of this course.

Cheryl has spent two decades working in agriculture, equine and education industries, across England, Scotland, Australia and New Zealand. She graduated with a B.Sc.(Hons), HND Horse Mgt, C&G Teaching Cert.
For several years, Cheryl managed the distance education courses for Warwickshire College (a large UK government institution), out of their Moreton Morrell campus. In more recent years, she has co authored several books including titles on Horse Care, Dog Care and Poultry. Along with this solid background in edication, she brings a wealth of practical experience, having held positions including: Sports Horse Stud Groom, Stable Manager, Yard Manager, Equine industrial Training Manager, FE Distance Learning Manager

Cheryl has spent two decades working in agriculture, equine and education industries, across England, Scotland, Australia and New Zealand. She graduated with a B.Sc.(Hons), HND Horse Mgt, C&G Teaching Cert.
For several years, Cheryl managed the distance education courses for Warwickshire College (a large UK government institution), out of their Moreton Morrell campus. In more recent years, she has co authored several books including titles on Horse Care, Dog Care and Poultry. Along with this solid background in edication, she brings a wealth of practical experience, having held positions including: Sports Horse Stud Groom, Stable Manager, Yard Manager, Equine industrial Training Manager, FE Distance Learning Manager

Cheryl has spent two decades working in agriculture, equine and education industries, across England, Scotland, Australia and New Zealand. She graduated with a B.Sc.(Hons), HND Horse Mgt, C&G Teaching Cert.
For several years, Cheryl managed the distance education courses for Warwickshire College (a large UK government institution), out of their Moreton Morrell campus. In more recent years, she has co authored several books including titles on Horse Care, Dog Care and Poultry. Along with this solid background in edication, she brings a wealth of practical experience, having held positions including: Sports Horse Stud Groom, Stable Manager, Yard Manager, Equine industrial Training Manager, FE Distance Learning Manager

Cheryl has spent two decades working in agriculture, equine and education industries, across England, Scotland, Australia and New Zealand. She graduated with a B.Sc.(Hons), HND Horse Mgt, C&G Teaching Cert.
For several years, Cheryl managed the distance education courses for Warwickshire College (a large UK government institution), out of their Moreton Morrell campus. In more recent years, she has co authored several books including titles on Horse Care, Dog Care and Poultry. Along with this solid background in edication, she brings a wealth of practical experience, having held positions including: Sports Horse Stud Groom, Stable Manager, Yard Manager, Equine industrial Training Manager, FE Distance Learning Manager

Cheryl has spent two decades working in agriculture, equine and education industries, across England, Scotland, Australia and New Zealand. She graduated with a B.Sc.(Hons), HND Horse Mgt, C&G Teaching Cert.
For several years, Cheryl managed the distance education courses for Warwickshire College (a large UK government institution), out of their Moreton Morrell campus. In more recent years, she has co authored several books including titles on Horse Care, Dog Care and Poultry. Along with this solid background in edication, she brings a wealth of practical experience, having held positions including: Sports Horse Stud Groom, Stable Manager, Yard Manager, Equine industrial Training Manager, FE Distance Learning Manager

Cheryl has spent two decades working in agriculture, equine and education industries, across England, Scotland, Australia and New Zealand. She graduated with a B.Sc.(Hons), HND Horse Mgt, C&G Teaching Cert.
For several years, Cheryl managed the distance education courses for Warwickshire College (a large UK government institution), out of their Moreton Morrell campus. In more recent years, she has co authored several books including titles on Horse Care, Dog Care and Poultry. Along with this solid background in edication, she brings a wealth of practical experience, having held positions including: Sports Horse Stud Groom, Stable Manager, Yard Manager, Equine industrial Training Manager, FE Distance Learning Manager

Cheryl has spent two decades working in agriculture, equine and education industries, across England, Scotland, Australia and New Zealand. She graduated with a B.Sc.(Hons), HND Horse Mgt, C&G Teaching Cert.
For several years, Cheryl managed the distance education courses for Warwickshire College (a large UK government institution), out of their Moreton Morrell campus. In more recent years, she has co authored several books including titles on Horse Care, Dog Care and Poultry. Along with this solid background in edication, she brings a wealth of practical experience, having held positions including: Sports Horse Stud Groom, Stable Manager, Yard Manager, Equine industrial Training Manager, FE Distance Learning Manager

Cheryl has spent two decades working in agriculture, equine and education industries, across England, Scotland, Australia and New Zealand. She graduated with a B.Sc.(Hons), HND Horse Mgt, C&G Teaching Cert.
For several years, Cheryl managed the distance education courses for Warwickshire College (a large UK government institution), out of their Moreton Morrell campus. In more recent years, she has co authored several books including titles on Horse Care, Dog Care and Poultry. Along with this solid background in edication, she brings a wealth of practical experience, having held positions including: Sports Horse Stud Groom, Stable Manager, Yard Manager, Equine industrial Training Manager, FE Distance Learning Manager

Alison brings a wealth of knowledge and experience to ACS students.
She has worked as a University Lecturer, has also run a veterinary operating theatre; responsible for animal anaesthesia, instrument preparation, and assistance with surgical techniques and procedures. She has worked in the UK, Australia and New Zealand.
She has extensive experience of handling, husbandry, and management of a wide range of both small and large animals and has a particular love for nature and wildlife.
Alison has a BSc (Hon) Animal Science.

Alison brings a wealth of knowledge and experience to ACS students.
She has worked as a University Lecturer, has also run a veterinary operating theatre; responsible for animal anaesthesia, instrument preparation, and assistance with surgical techniques and procedures. She has worked in the UK, Australia and New Zealand.
She has extensive experience of handling, husbandry, and management of a wide range of both small and large animals and has a particular love for nature and wildlife.
Alison has a BSc (Hon) Animal Science.

Alison brings a wealth of knowledge and experience to ACS students.
She has worked as a University Lecturer, has also run a veterinary operating theatre; responsible for animal anaesthesia, instrument preparation, and assistance with surgical techniques and procedures. She has worked in the UK, Australia and New Zealand.
She has extensive experience of handling, husbandry, and management of a wide range of both small and large animals and has a particular love for nature and wildlife.
Alison has a BSc (Hon) Animal Science.

Alison brings a wealth of knowledge and experience to ACS students.
She has worked as a University Lecturer, has also run a veterinary operating theatre; responsible for animal anaesthesia, instrument preparation, and assistance with surgical techniques and procedures. She has worked in the UK, Australia and New Zealand.
She has extensive experience of handling, husbandry, and management of a wide range of both small and large animals and has a particular love for nature and wildlife.
Alison has a BSc (Hon) Animal Science.

Alison brings a wealth of knowledge and experience to ACS students.
She has worked as a University Lecturer, has also run a veterinary operating theatre; responsible for animal anaesthesia, instrument preparation, and assistance with surgical techniques and procedures. She has worked in the UK, Australia and New Zealand.
She has extensive experience of handling, husbandry, and management of a wide range of both small and large animals and has a particular love for nature and wildlife.
Alison has a BSc (Hon) Animal Science.

Alison brings a wealth of knowledge and experience to ACS students.
She has worked as a University Lecturer, has also run a veterinary operating theatre; responsible for animal anaesthesia, instrument preparation, and assistance with surgical techniques and procedures. She has worked in the UK, Australia and New Zealand.
She has extensive experience of handling, husbandry, and management of a wide range of both small and large animals and has a particular love for nature and wildlife.
Alison has a BSc (Hon) Animal Science.

Alison brings a wealth of knowledge and experience to ACS students.
She has worked as a University Lecturer, has also run a veterinary operating theatre; responsible for animal anaesthesia, instrument preparation, and assistance with surgical techniques and procedures. She has worked in the UK, Australia and New Zealand.
She has extensive experience of handling, husbandry, and management of a wide range of both small and large animals and has a particular love for nature and wildlife.
Alison has a BSc (Hon) Animal Science.

Alison brings a wealth of knowledge and experience to ACS students.
She has worked as a University Lecturer, has also run a veterinary operating theatre; responsible for animal anaesthesia, instrument preparation, and assistance with surgical techniques and procedures. She has worked in the UK, Australia and New Zealand.
She has extensive experience of handling, husbandry, and management of a wide range of both small and large animals and has a particular love for nature and wildlife.
Alison has a BSc (Hon) Animal Science.
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