Biochemistry III (Animal Processes)

Study by Distance Education and learn more about  metabolic processes comprise all the reactions in an organism that sustain its life.

Focus on the major metabolic pathways, as well as cellular transport, electron transfer and energy production amongst other. This course is designed for people working or wishing to work in a human or animal health or science related profession, as practitioner, educator or researcher. 

This course part of many advanced courses such as our many health science advanced diplomas and some horticultural diplomas.

Lesson Structure

There are 10 lessons in this course:

1. Introduction
   • Including: sources of energy; the digestive process as a source of energy; components of the cell; catabolic and anabolic metabolism, energy exchanges; free energy; enthalpy; entropy; energy transporters; ATP; oxidation-reduction process; enzymes.
2. Glycolysis and Glycogen Metabolism
   • Including: glucose, glycoysis; activation of glycolysis; metabolism of pyruvate; glycogen; fructose and galactose.
3. Movement through Membranes
   • Including: membranes; kinetics and mechanisms of movement; mediated and non-mediated transport; passive mediated glucose transport; ion gradient active transport; ATP driven active transport; ionophores.
4. Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation
   • Including: the mitochondrion; electron transport; oxidative phosphorylation; citric acid cycle; control of ATP production.
5. Sugar and Polysaccharide Metabolism
   • Including: sugars; glycoproteins; biosynthesis of oliogsaccharides and glycoproteins; pentose phosphate pathway.
6. Lipid Metabolism
   • Including: lipids, lipid metabolism; pancreas and bile acid; transport across the mitochondrial membrane; fatty acid oxidation in the mitochondrion; beta oxidation; unsaturated fatty acid oxidation; ketone bodies; biosynthesis of fatty acids; metabolic control and regulation of fatty acid metabolism; cholesterol synthesis, control of cholesterol biosynthesis and transport; arachidonate metabolism; phospholipid and glycolipid metabolism.
7. Amino Acid Metabolism
   • Including: amino acids, amino acid metabolism, transamination, synthesis, amino acid catabolism; glucogenic and ketogenic; the urea cycle; biosynthetic precursors and the role of amino acids; physiologically active amines; biosynthsis of non-essential amino acids; biosynthesis of essential amino acids; aspartate family; pyruvate family; aromatic family; histidine; major organs; nitrogen fixation.
8. Nucleotide Metabolism
   • Including: nuclei acids; nucleotides; synthesis and regulation of ribonucleotides; purines; pyramidines; formation of DNA, nucleotide degradation; purine catabolism; purine nucleotide cycle; nucleotide coenzymes in animals.
9. Enzyme Activity
   • Including: enzymes; enzyme classification; enzyme kinetics; enzyme regulation; induced fit; lock and key mechanism.
10. Other Processes
    • Including: homeostasis; hormones; neurotransmitters; signalling cascade; receptor binding; nuclear localisation signals.

Each lesson culminates in an assignment which is submitted to the school, marked by the school's tutors and returned to you with any relevant suggestions, comments, and if necessary, extra reading.

Aims

• Explain the interaction between the various biochemical processes within the animal cell.
• Explain the processes of glycolysis and glycogen metabolism.
• Understand the transport mechanism of bio-chemicals through animal membranes.
• Explain the processes of electron transfer and oxidative phosphorylation, and their importance to energy regulation in animals.
• Explain the metabolism of carbohydrates.
• Explain the metabolism of lipids
• Explain the metabolism of amino acids.
• Explain biochemical nucleotide metabolism
• Explain enzyme reactions and catalysis in biochemistry.
• Explain other biochemical processes including biochemical communication through hormones and neurotransmission.

Course Extract

"The Citric acid cycle is also known as the Krebs cycle after the scientist who first described the features of this metabolic sequence. This cycle takes place in the mitochondria where the required enzymes are located; because of this location there is a direct interaction between electrons of this cycle and those of the mitochondria electron transport.

This is a very important cycle in the cell and it accounts for the major portion of carbohydrate, fatty acid and amino acid oxidation and it is also the source of numerous biosynthetic precursors. It is therefore an amphibolic (both anabolic and catabolic) pathway and one that the cell has to regulate very carefully.

In the TCA cycle, the acetyl CoA which was obtained from the pyruvic acid is completely oxidized to H2O and CO2 through a sequence of reactions. The pyruvic acid from the glycolysis enters the mitochondria and then gets oxidized to acetyl CoA with the help of the pyruvic dehydrogenase complex. Acetyl CoA is the fuel for the TCA cycle.

There are a series of 8 reactions in the TCA cycle that end up in the production of 2 carbon dioxide molecules and the generation of 3 NADH and 1 FADH. The first step of the cycle involves the condensation of the acetyl CoA with an oxaloacetate; this oxaloacetate gets regenerated at the end of the cycle so you find that an infinite number of acetyl CoA will get totally oxidized through a single oxaloacetate.